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Data & Calculators: Physics Calculators

Kilogram-Force, Newtons & Force Units

Convert kilogram-force, newtons and other force units using standard gravity and exact unit definitions.

Knudsen Number from Mean Free Path & Length

Calculate the dimensionless ratio of molecular mean free path to a chosen characteristic length, with inverse calculations.

Lift Force & Flow Coefficient

Relate positive lift force to fluid density, flow speed, reference area and dimensionless lift coefficient.

Light Travel Time & Distance

Convert propagation time and distance at vacuum light speed or a supplied positive speed up to that limit.

Light Travel Time & Distance in Julian Years

Convert travel time to distance using the vacuum speed of light or a lower positive propagation speed, with astronomical units.

Linear Momentum Components & Vector Magnitude

Calculate one-dimensional momentum or three Cartesian momentum components and magnitudes from positive mass and signed velocities.

Linear Spring Restoring Force & Displacement

Calculate the signed restoring force of an ideal passive spring from its stiffness and change in length.

Linear Spring Stored Energy

Calculate elastic energy in an ideal linear spring from its stiffness and signed displacement from equilibrium.

Long Solenoid Inductance and Circular Cross Section

Calculate long solenoid inductance and circular cross section with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Long Straight Wire Magnetic Field & Distance

Estimate magnetic field magnitude around a long straight current-carrying wire or solve current and distance.

Long Vacuum Solenoid Field from Current and Turns

Calculate long vacuum solenoid field from current and turns with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Mach Number, Speed and Dry-Air Temperature Estimate

Relate positive object speed and sound speed to Mach number, with a retained approximate dry-air sound-speed and temperature inverse.

Magnetic Lorentz Force: Signed Transverse Scalar

Calculate magnetic lorentz force: signed transverse scalar with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Mass from Density, Volume or Box Dimensions

Calculate mass from density and entered volume or rectangular dimensions, with reverse density and volume calculations.

Material Mass & Total Heat Capacity

Calculate total heat capacity from mass and specific heat, with editable custom values and reference material presets.

Material Mass from Density & Volume

Find mass, density or volume with exact customary-unit conversions and a supplied material density.

Maxwell–Boltzmann Mean Particle Speed

Calculate maxwell–boltzmann mean particle speed with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Mean Piston Speed from Stroke & Engine Rate

Calculate mean piston travel speed from stroke and crankshaft rotation rate, or solve either input.

Net Force from Mass & Signed Acceleration

Apply Newton’s second law along one axis, with signed force and acceleration and positive mass.

Net Force from Velocity Change & Mass

Connect constant mass, velocity change, elapsed time, average acceleration and average net force along one axis.

Net Force, Mass & Acceleration

Solve F = ma for a positive mass using signed force and acceleration along one axis.

Newton’s Third Law — Two-Body Force & Acceleration

Relate a force pair and the resulting accelerations of two positive masses along a shared coordinate axis.

Newtonian Escape and Circular-Orbit Speeds

Calculate newtonian escape and circular-orbit speeds with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Normal Force, Area & Average Pressure

Relate positive normal force, loaded area and average pressure, with SI and customary pressure units.

Open Channel Froude Number and Hydraulic Mean Depth

Find Froude number from flow velocity and hydraulic mean depth, or recover a supported missing measure with unit controls.

Orbital Sidereal & Synodic Periods

Relate two distinct positive sidereal periods to their synodic recurrence time for motion in the same direction.

Ordinary & Angular Wavenumber from Wavelength

Relate wavelength, cycles per length and radians per length, with optional phase-speed presets.

Ordinary Compton Wavelength from Rest Mass

Calculate ordinary compton wavelength from rest mass with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Parallel-Force Work & Average Power

Relate positive-duration average power to work from a constant force acting along a displacement.

Parallel-Plate Capacitance, Area & Gap

Solve ideal parallel-plate capacitance, plate area, separation or absolute permittivity with selectable units.

Photon Energy, Frequency and Vacuum Wavelength

Calculate photon energy, frequency and vacuum wavelength with compatible units, known-value inputs and clearly stated model assumptions.

Point-Source Intensity & Distance Scaling

Scale nonnegative intensity between two positive distances using an ideal inverse-square spreading model.

Point-Source Sound Level at a New Distance

Estimate the sound-pressure-level change between two source distances under ideal spherical spreading.

Polarizer Angle & Transmitted Light Intensity

Apply Malus’s law to polarized light intensity, analyzer angle and the principal inverse angle.

Positive Lens Power & Focal Length

Convert positive focal length to positive optical power in diopters and solve the inverse.

Power-to-Mass Ratio — kW/kg & hp/lb

Compare power per unit mass and solve for power or mass using metric and customary units.

Projectile Kinetic Energy and Exact Customary Units

Relate positive projectile mass, nonnegative speed and kinetic energy, with exact customary conversions and the positive speed inverse.

Projectile Translational Kinetic Energy

Calculate projectile translational kinetic energy using known measurements, selectable units and clear physical assumptions.

RC Time Constant & Cutoff Frequency

Calculate an ideal RC time constant and cutoff frequency, with reverse solutions for resistance and capacitance.

Rectangular Contact Pressure in PSI & Pascals

Calculate average pressure from normal force and a rectangular contact area, with optional pressure-unit conversion.

Relativistic Kinetic Energy from Mass & Speed

Calculate relativistic kinetic energy from rest mass and speed, or recover rest mass from nonzero speed and kinetic energy.

Relativistic Length, Proper Length & Speed

Solve special-relativistic length contraction along the direction of motion, including reverse proper-length and speed solutions.

Resistive Current, Time & Heat Energy

Calculate energy dissipated in a fixed resistance by a constant current over a positive duration.

Resonant Bandwidth, Q & Cutoff Frequencies

Relate bandwidth, quality factor and cutoff frequencies in the retained second-order resonant model.

Rest Mass & Energy Equivalence

Convert rest mass to its energy equivalent or recover mass from energy using the exact speed of light.

Restrained-Bar Thermal Stress — Compression Positive

Estimate thermal stress for a fully restrained linear-elastic bar using entered expansion coefficient, modulus and temperature change.

Rigid-Body Pendulum Period & Pivot Inertia

Find a physical pendulum’s small-angle period from pivot-axis inertia, mass, gravity and center-of-mass offset.

Rotating Body Inertia & Kinetic Energy

Find rotational energy, inertia or angular-speed magnitude for a rigid body about a specified axis.

Sealed-Volume Gas Pressure, Temperature and Amount

Relate two positive ideal-gas states with fixed volume and amount, preserve editable units and inverse controls, and calculate optional amount through the initial state.

Sensible Heat from Mass & Temperature Change

Calculate heating or cooling energy using entered mass, specific heat and temperature change, with illustrative material presets.

Signed Conduction Heat Flux & Temperature Gradient

Solve one-dimensional heat flux, conductivity, temperature difference or thickness with temperature-interval units.

Signed Impulse, Momentum Change & Average Force

Connect initial and final velocity, momentum change, signed impulse and average net force over a positive time interval.

Simple Harmonic Motion — Sine-Phase Model

Calculate displacement, velocity and acceleration for ideal simple harmonic motion with zero initial sine phase.

Single-Phase RMS Voltage, Current & Real Power

Calculate real electrical power using RMS voltage, RMS current and a supplied power factor.

Small-Angle Pendulum Period & Frequency

Calculate period, frequency, length or gravity for an ideal simple pendulum at small amplitude.

Sound Wavelength from Frequency & Medium Speed

Find sound wavelength or frequency using an illustrative medium preset or a custom propagation speed.

Specific Gas Constant from Molar Mass or Heat Capacities

Calculate specific gas constant from molar mass or heat capacities using known measurements, selectable units and clear physical assumptions.

Spectral Redshift from Wavelength or Frequency

Calculate dimensionless redshift or blueshift from positive emitted and observed vacuum wavelengths or frequencies.

Spherical Body Geometric Horizon Distance

Calculate the straight-line tangent distance to an ideal spherical horizon from height and radius.

Straight Wire Magnetic Force, Current & Angle

Calculate force magnitude on a straight wire segment in a uniform magnetic field, including parallel zero-force cases.

Telescope Eyepiece Magnification & Sky Field

Estimate telescope magnification, true angular field and small-field circular area from focal lengths and eyepiece apparent field.

Thermal Diffusivity from Material Properties

Relate thermal diffusivity to thermal conductivity, mass density and specific heat capacity.

Torque, Angular Deflection & Rotational Stiffness

Find rotational stiffness from positive torque and angular deflection in radians, including per-turn stiffness units.

Traveling Sine-Wave Displacement & Phase

Evaluate a traveling sinusoidal wave from amplitude, wavelength, position, speed, time and phase, with retained inverse branches.

Two-Body Reduced Mass & Missing Mass

Calculate the reduced mass for two positive masses or infer one mass from the other and a valid reduced mass.

Two-Piston Hydraulic Force, Pressure, Travel and Work

Relate two piston areas, forces, common applied pressure, travel distances and ideal mechanical work using selectable units.

Two-Wave Frequency Difference & Beats

Find the nonnegative difference frequency between two waves or solve a higher-frequency inverse branch.

Uniform Tensile True & Engineering Stress–Strain

Convert positive engineering and true strain, with a constant-volume uniform tensile stress conversion.

Useful Energy & Input Efficiency Percentage

Calculate useful output energy, input energy or conversion efficiency with consistent energy units and a bounded percentage.

Vertical Free Fall: Height, Time & Speed

Relate vertical drop, elapsed time and arrival speed under constant gravity, including upward initial velocity.

Voltage Magnitude Ratio & Decibel Transfer

Express a nonzero output-to-input voltage magnitude ratio as a linear ratio or logarithmic level.

Voltage Regulation with No-Load and Full-Load Denominators

Calculate voltage regulation with no-load and full-load denominators using known measurements, selectable units and clear physical assumptions.

Watt-Hour Energy from Charge or Power & Time

Calculate energy in two independent ways: constant voltage times charge, or constant power times duration.

Watts, Kilowatts & Horsepower Converter

Convert power between watts, metric prefixes, mechanical horsepower, BTU per hour and other listed power units.

Wave Frequency & Period by Medium Speed

Calculate cycles per second and time per cycle from wavelength and a custom or preset phase speed.

Wave Frequency, Wavelength & Medium Speed

Convert frequency and wavelength using a selected reference wave speed or a custom positive speed.

Wave Phase Speed & Medium Comparison

Use custom phase speed or fixed medium presets to relate frequency, wavelength and ordinary wavenumber.

Wave Speed, Frequency, Wavelength & Wavenumber

Relate wave speed and frequency to wavelength and reciprocal wavelength, with medium presets and custom speed.

Wave Speed, Period & Spatial Frequency

Solve the relationship between wave speed, period, frequency, wavelength and ordinary spatial frequency.

Wet-Basis Moisture, Dry Mass & Water Mass

Calculate water mass and wet-basis moisture percentage from wet and dried sample masses, including zero moisture.