Physics models calculators

Compare vacuum-to-medium phase-speed ratios or the ratio of two entered medium speeds.

Convert actual volumetric air flow to the fixed standard reference of 294.26 K and 14.7 psi absolute.

Compare wing mass loading and a size-normalized wing cube loading from mass and planform area.

Calculate amplitude modulation depth and frequency modulation index with inverse controls.

Calculate angular displacement using circular travel or constant angular kinematics.

Evaluate a disclosed empirical bow-speed adjustment and derive arrow momentum and kinetic energy.

Estimate first-cell wall distance with disclosed empirical turbulent flat-plate skin-friction correlations.

Find signed average induced voltage for a coil undergoing a uniform perpendicular flux change.

Relate axial force, cross-section and length change to engineering stress, strain and elastic modulus.

Relate RMS phase and line values with apparent, active and reactive power for balanced three-phase loads.

Relate boat speed, engine RPM, reduction ratio, propeller pitch and fractional slip using advance per revolution.

Calculate ideal duty, peak winding currents and referred inductances at the discontinuous-conduction boundary.

Find polar second moment of area for a solid circle or concentric annulus from radius or diameter.

Relate source and receiver frequencies for motion along the wave path in a stationary medium.

Calculate capacitance and inverse radii for two concentric conducting spheres with a uniform dielectric.

Estimate electromagnetic penetration depth using frequency, resistivity and relative magnetic permeability.

Estimate cloud-base altitude and parcel temperature from surface temperature, dew point and surface elevation.

Estimate the volume Curie constant for a cubic cell from its atom count, lattice spacing and effective magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons.

Relate positive magnetization, applied flux density, absolute temperature and a fitted Curie coefficient.

Estimate the magnetic moment magnitude and sign from current, loop geometry and winding count.

Convert real power into DC, single-phase or balanced three-phase current.

Explore how chosen star-formation, life and communication assumptions change a civilization-count scenario.

Estimate dry-air dynamic viscosity with Sutherland’s law and kinematic viscosity with ideal-gas density.

Compare longitudinal rod, bulk longitudinal and shear speeds in an isotropic elastic solid.

Convert real electrical power to current for DC, single-phase AC or balanced three-phase AC.

Compare classical and relativistic electron speed for an electron starting at rest across a positive accelerating potential.

Compare positive energy-per-mass values using a conventional TNT reference and material mass.

Calculate the state-one to state-two equilibrium population ratio from energies and temperature.

Compare three fictional warp-factor curves and their travel distances or times.

Convert between VSWR, reflection magnitude, reflected power and finite return or mismatch loss.

Compare inertial and viscous flow scales using density and dynamic viscosity or kinematic viscosity.

Estimate ideal radio link attenuation from free-space spreading, after subtracting transmitter and receiver antenna gains in dBi.

Estimate a paraxial Gaussian beam focus diameter, Rayleigh range and confocal depth from a collimated input beam.

Estimate line-of-sight distances from radar and target height using spherical Earth and a conventional refraction approximation.

Estimate total outgoing thermal radiation from area, emissivity and absolute temperature.

Estimate positive water-pipe head and pressure loss using the empirical Hazen–Williams relation.

Relate transferred heat, mass, temperature change and a custom or captured approximate heat-capacity preset.

Relate wire size, mean coil diameter, active turns and shear modulus for a close-coiled helical spring.

Relate coil geometry, applied torque, angular deflection and bending stress for an ideal round-wire spring.

Track gauge and absolute pressure through the captured single-column and multi-fluid U-tube arrangements.

Calculate ideal astable period, duty cycle and monostable pulse time from resistances and capacitance.

Relate bank angle, radius and speed for friction-limited ground curves or level coordinated flight.

Model acceleration from rest on a straight snowy incline followed by level frictional stopping.

Relate peak and nominal stress or estimate concentration around an ideal hole.

Estimate plasma or electrolyte Debye length from temperature and number density or ionic strength.

Relate pressure, elevation, speed and circular-pipe flow along an ideal fluid streamline.

Estimate the typical molecular travel distance between collisions from temperature, pressure and collision diameter.

Compare RMS, mean and most-probable molecular speeds for a Maxwell gas.

Estimate road speed from engine revolutions, tire diameter and the transmission and final-drive ratios.

Connect wire geometry, elastic moduli, active coils and ideal spring force or torque.

Estimate a shared current-limiting resistor and its dissipation for an ideal LED arrangement.

Estimate free recoil speed, energy and impulse from projectile and propellant-gas momentum.

Relate a simple pendulum length, local gravity, small-angle period and frequency, with a finite-amplitude series estimate.

Find the landing time for a projectile launched at a known speed, angle and height above ground.

Relate resistance, capacitance and selected charging fractions for an initially uncharged ideal capacitor.

Estimate ideal velocity change from exhaust speed or specific impulse and a positive mass ratio.

Relate signed spin, circulation, fluid density and cross-flow speed for an ideal rotating cylinder.

Solve diode current or a compatible voltage and model parameter using the exponential junction equation.

Relate focal lengths, beam diameter and full-angle divergence for an ideal beam expander.

Connect object mass, displaced volume, fluid density and apparent weight under complete immersion.

Estimate pressure above a reference level in an isothermal ideal-air column.

Calculate open-circuit RMS thermal noise of an ideal resistor over an effective noise bandwidth.

Relate pressure drop, flow, viscosity, radius and length for a fully developed laminar Newtonian pipe flow.

Relate tangential force, loaded area, shear displacement and specimen height to shear modulus.

Convert between permeability, relative permeability and linear magnetic susceptibility.

Relate signed length and volume changes to temperature change and entered constant expansion coefficients.

Relate liquid flow, specific gravity and a positive pressure drop to conventional valve Cv.

Calculate the ideal LS-coupled Landé factor and effective magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons.

Find sphere volume, radius and bulk density from mass and geometry.

Calculate work from force and displacement or from the change in kinetic energy.

Estimate DC or balanced AC motor input current from output power, efficiency and supply voltage.

Compare Earth-calibrated scale-equivalent readings using published planetary gravity ratios.

Calculate attractive-force magnitude or inverse masses and separation using Newtonian gravity.

Find two-body orbital period or the ideal circular period immediately outside a spherical body of known mean density.

Relate particle charge, magnetic field, mass, orbit radius and nonrelativistic cyclotron frequency.

Compute principal diffraction angles for five positive grating orders, with wavelength, line-density and angle units.

Compare a simple pendulum’s small-angle frequency with a finite-amplitude series approximation through sin⁶(θ/2).

Relate photon frequency, wavelength and energy to a supplied material photoelectric threshold.

Compute the center, radius, principal values, plane-stress von Mises value and principal direction from Cartesian stresses.

Find the two in-plane principal stresses and maximum-principal direction from a symmetric Cartesian stress tensor.

Compute ideal piston and annular return forces with the captured friction reduction and cylinder modes.

Relate signed point charges and separation to electrostatic force in a uniform dielectric.

Find signed electrostatic potential for a point charge, a superposition of up to ten charges or a work-per-charge difference.

Calculate the nonnegative Poisson ratio from contraction and extension strain magnitudes, or relate isotropic elastic moduli.

Estimate intrinsic permeability and pore-volume fraction from pressure-driven flow and residence time.

Connect launch speed and angle with flight duration, height and instantaneous velocity without air resistance.

Resolve launch components, landing range and instantaneous position for an ideal projectile.

Estimate pressure from isotropic radiation at a surface and the isotropic thermal radiation pressure.

Estimate Sabine decay time from room dimensions and separate surface absorption coefficients.

Estimate resistive voltage loss, relative voltage drop and remaining load voltage from wire geometry and current.

Infer longitudinal, lateral and raised-axle center coordinates from wheel-scale mass equivalents.

Relate RMS voltage, current, apparent power and power factor for one or three phases.

Estimate a captured empirical reaction-plus-braking distance and a separate constant-deceleration braking interval.

Calculate sensible energy, conduction energy or convection and radiation rates using simple ideal models.

Calculate equivalent series capacitance and supported inverse component values for up to ten ideal capacitors.

Compare stiffness from measured torque and twist with the ideal uniform-shaft modulus estimate.

Convert simple positive ratios, power or voltage decibel ratios, and a mean-to-deviation statistic.

Compare average velocity change over time to a chosen local gravitational acceleration, with a spherical-gravity estimate.

Explore the captured average-current approximation and diode voltage subtraction for a nonisolated capacitive-dropper circuit.

Relate real, reactive and apparent power to current, resistance and reactance in a sinusoidal load.

Estimate charge responsivity from photon detection efficiency, wavelength, gain and first-generation correlated pulse terms.

Find a geometric horizon and target obscuration on a fixed spherical Earth without atmospheric refraction.

Calculate the actual spherical indentation contact area and mean load pressure, including the conventional kgf/mm² hardness-number display.

Compare two static clock intervals using the exterior Schwarzschild gravitational time factor.

Estimate steady thrust from exhaust momentum flow and the nozzle exit pressure force.

Calculate heading, wind-correction angle and ground speed from a steady wind vector and true airspeed.

Estimate stellar luminosity and bolometric magnitude from radius, temperature and distance.

Convert positive angular parallax into distance in parsecs, with optional illustrative star presets.

Estimate signed terminal settling velocity for an isolated sphere in a Newtonian fluid under creeping flow.

Estimate kinetic energy and mean stopping force from a speed, mass and stopping distance or time.

Relate pressure loss to Darcy friction factor, pipe size, length and fluid speed.

Calculate synchronous speed, induction-motor slip and torque referenced to synchronous speed.

Estimate the Darcy friction factor for turbulent pipe flow from Reynolds number and relative roughness.

Find a weighted air temperature using entered fractions or a separate equal-property volumetric-flow approximation.

Relate tangential speed, radius, rotation rate, inward force magnitude and circular acceleration.

Convert photon wavelength, frequency and energy using the current exact SI defining constants and a local scientific-notation display.

Relate acceleration to a velocity change, constant-acceleration travel or net force and mass.

Calculate damping ratio from spring stiffness, natural angular frequency or the critical damping coefficient.